In this article, we will discuss how to fetch the last N characters of a string in python. This N can be 1 or 4 etc.

In python, a String is a sequence of characters, and each character in it has an index number associated with it. For example, we have a string variable sample_str that contains a string i.e.

sample_str = "Sample String"

Each character in this string has a sequence number, and it starts with 0 i.e.

‘S’ has index 0
‘a’ has index 1
‘m’ has index 2
‘p’ has index 3
‘l’ has index 4
‘e’ has index 5
‘ ‘ has index 6
‘S’ has index 7
‘t’ has index 8
‘r’ has index 9
‘i’ has index 10
‘n’ has index 11
‘g’ has index 12

In python String provides an [] operator to access any character in the string by index position. We need to pass the index position in the square brackets, and it will return the character at that index. This index position can be a positive or negative int value.

Like sample_str[i] will return a character at index i-th index position. We used the same concept to access the first N characters of a string in the previous article.

But here, the situation is a little tricky; we want to access the elements from last in the string. Well, there are different ways to do this, let’s discuss them one by one.

Use Negative indexing to get the last character of a string in python

Apart from positive indexes, we can pass the -ve indexes to in the [] operator of string. Each character in the string has a negative index associated with it like last character in string has index -1 and second last character in string has index -2.

So, if our string is ‘Sample String’ the negative indexing in it will be like,

‘S’ has index -13
‘a’ has index -12
‘m’ has index -11
‘p’ has index -10
‘l’ has index -9
‘e’ has index -8
‘ ‘ has index -7
‘S’ has index -6
‘t’ has index -5
‘r’ has index -4
‘i’ has index -3
‘n’ has index -2
‘g’ has index -1

The last character of a string has index position -1. So, to get the last character from a string, pass -1 in the square brackets i.e.

# Get last character of string i.e. char at index position -1
last_char = sample_str[-1]

print('Last character : ', last_char)

Output:
Last character :  g

It returned a copy of the last character in the string. You can use it to check its content or print it etc.

Get the last character of string using len() function

If we don’t want to use the negative indexing, then we can sill access the last character of string by calculating its length first and then access character at length -1

# get the length of string
length = len(sample_str)

# Get last character of string i.e. char at index position len -1
last_char = sample_str[length -1]

print('Last character : ', last_char)

Output:
Last character :  g

But this is a little heavy solution as compared to the previous one.

In the above example, we fetched the last character or the string using different techniques, but what if we want more like, get the last four characters of a string, etc. Basically we want to access a substring of given length from the end of the string. How to do that?

Get last N characters in a string

In python, apart from index position, subscript operator, i.e. [] can accept a range too i.e.

string[ start_index_pos: end_index_pos: step_size]

It returns a slice the string, i.e. a substring. If we want to get more than one character out of a string i.e. fetch a substring, then we can pass these range elements in [] operator,

  • start_index_pos: Index position, from where it will start fetching the characters, the default value is 0
  • end_index_pos: Index position till which it will fetch the characters from string, default value is the end of string
  • step_size: Interval between each character, default value is 1.

To get the last N characters of the string, we need to either pass negative indexes or use len() function to calculate the range,

Get last four characters of a string in python using negative indexes

sample_str = "Sample String"

# Get last 3 character
last_chars = sample_str[-3:]

print('Last 3 character : ', last_chars)

Output:
Last 3 character :  ing

We sliced the string from fourth last the index position to last index position and we got a substring containing the last four characters of the string.

Get last four characters of a string in python using len() function

# get the length of string
length = len(sample_str)

# Get last 3 character
last_chars = sample_str[length - 3 :]

print('Last 3 character : ', last_chars)

Output:
Last 4 character :  ring

We calculated the length of the string first, then sliced the string from (length – 4) index position to the last index position and we got a substring containing the last four characters of the string.

The complete example is as follows,

def main():

    sample_str = "Sample String"

    print('**** Get last character of a String in python ****')

    # Get last character of string i.e. char at index position -1
    last_char = sample_str[-1]

    print('Last character : ', last_char)

    print('** Get the last character of string using len() function **')

    # get the length of string
    length = len(sample_str)

    # Get last character of string i.e. char at index position len -1
    last_char = sample_str[length -1]

    print('Last character : ', last_char)

    print('**** Get the last N characters of string using negative indexes ****')

    # Get last 3 character
    last_chars = sample_str[-3:]

    print('Last 3 character : ', last_chars)

    print('**** Get the last N characters of string using len() function ****')

    # get the length of string
    length = len(sample_str)

    # Get last 3 character
    last_chars = sample_str[length - 3 :]

    print('Last 3 character : ', last_chars)

if __name__ == '__main__':
   main()

Output:
**** Get last character of a String in python ****
Last character :  g
** Get the last character of string using len() function **
Last character :  g
**** Get the last N characters of string using negative indexes ****
Last 3 character :  ing
**** Get the last N characters of string using len() function ****
Last 3 character :  ing

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